Pedagogika potoczności jako podstawa alternatywnej teorii nauczania o Holokauście

The pedagogy of commonness might be the art of distinguishing between complementary knowledge and its appearances and communicative masks. Ignorance can create some myths of daily life that sanction mistakes, abuses and misunderstandings as the equivalents or even substitutes of knowledge based on true research, dialogue and exchange of thoughts and ideas. The main thesis of this article is: commonness will not cease – that is why the future reception of the Holocaust depends on the critical thinking skills of people who as users of new media should know why the Holocaust is not only a word. The pedagogy of commonness should prepare every user (who is or will be interested in) of the new media to think critically about the diversity of representations of the Holocaust

Properties of graphene deposited on GaN nanowires: influence of nanowire roughness, self-induced nanogating and defects

We present detailed Raman studies of graphene deposited on gallium nitride nanowires with different variations in height. Our results indicate that different density and height of nanowires impact graphene properties such as roughness, strain, and carrier concentration as well as density and type of induced defects. Tracing the manifestation of those interactions is important for the application of novel heterostructures. A detailed analysis of Raman spectra of graphene deposited on different nanowire substrates shows that bigger differences in nanowires height increase graphene strain, while a higher number of nanowires in contact with graphene locally reduces the strain. Moreover, the value of graphene carrier concentration is found to be correlated with the density of nano wires in contact with graphene. The lowest concentration of defects is observed for graphene deposited on nanowires with the lowest density. The contact between graphene and densely arranged nanowires leads to a large density of vacancies. On the other hand, grain boundaries are the main type of defects in graphene on rarely distributed nanowires. Our results also show modification of graphene carrier concentration and strain by different types of defects present in graphene. Therefore, the nanowire substrate is promising not only for strain and carrier concentration engineering but also for defect engineering.This work was partially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education in 2015-2019 as a research grant "Diamond Grant" (n degrees. DI2014 015744). The GaN nanowires were grown within the Polish National Science Centre (grants n degrees. UMO-2016/21/N/ST3/03381 and 2016/23/B/ST7/03745). This work was supported by the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) under grant n degrees. EOS 30467715

The effect of rheological parameters of vehiculum (hydrogels, adsorptions bases of water/oil type) on the rate of diffusion of morphine sulfate to the external compartment in vitro conditions

Wstęp. Preparaty recepturowe do stosowania zewnętrznego zawierające morfinę są skuteczne w leczeniu bolesnych owrzodzeń skóry i błon śluzowych. Zakładając, że o skuteczności farmakoterapeutycznej leku decydują właściwości fizykochemiczne substancji biologicznie czynnej oraz skład podłoża, wykonano badania w celu określenia wpływu składu recepturowego podłoża na kinetykę uwalniania siarczanu morfiny z wytworzonych preparatów. Materiały i metody. W trybie postępowania recepturowego wytworzono alternatywne formy preparatów podawanych na skórę, tj. hydrożel oraz maść typu kremu absorpcyjnego (w/o, woda/olej) z promotorami przejścia przezskórnego o zawartości siarczanu morfiny ~0,2%. Dokonano pomiarów wiskoelastyczności (lepkości), gęstości praktycznej (dp) oraz aktywności jonów wodorowych (pH) podłoży i wytworzonych preparatów. Zgodnie z wymogami Farmakopei Europejskiej zbadano szybkość dyfuzji siarczanu morfiny z wytworzonych preparatów bezpośrednio do kompartmentu zewnętrznego (płynu wyrównawczego, 2-propanolu) oraz przez błony półprzepuszczalne typu Servapol i Visking, stanowiące modelowe stratum corneum. Wyniki i wnioski. Wykazano, że na skutek oddziaływania pomiędzy siarczanem morfiny a różnymi składowymi podłoża dochodzi do powstania preparatów o różnej lepkości reologicznej (rozsmarowywalności). Wartości pH w otrzymanych preparatach mieściły się w granicach fizjologicznej tolerancji skóry i błon śluzowych. Wprowadzenie do receptury preparatów Ia i Ib oksyetylenowanej lanoliny jako promotora przejścia przezskórnego wpłynęło na wzrost szybkości dyfuzji siarczanu morfiny do kompartmentu zewnętrznego. Kinetyka uwalniania siarczanu morfiny w pierwszych 10 minutach ekspozycji osiągnęła wartość najwyższą dla preparatu hydrożelowego 0,2% H. Należy oczekiwać, że po podaniu powyższego preparatu na skórę działanie przeciwbólowe pojawi się najszybciej. Przenikanie siarczanu morfiny przez modelowe stratum corneum (Servapol, Visking) przebiegało wolniej, co prawdopodobnie jest wynikiem wysokiej masy molowej związku.Background. Recipe proceeding form of preparation for transdermal application containing morphine sulphate bring into effect during curration of painful skin and mucosa ulceration. Assume, that pharmacotherapeutic efficacy is determinated by physicochemical characteristic of biological activity of substance and base composition, investigations have been made to check the diffusion rate of morphine sulphate from developed preparations. Materials and methods. In a recipe proceeding mode there were developed alternative forms of preparations for transdermal applications i.e. hydrogel and ointment of an absorption cream type (water/oil) with transdermal transition promotors of morphine sulphate content ~0,2%. The preparations were characterized by a practical density (dp), hydrogen ion activity (aH+, pH) and above all by a smear constant determined by rheological measurements (visco-elasticity measurements). There has been investigated, according to the requirements of European Pharmacopoeia, the diffusion rate of morphine sulfate from the preparations directly to the external compartment (compensation fluid) and through semi-permeable membranes of Servapol and Visking type making a model stratum corneum. Results and conclusions. Investigations shows, according to interaction between morphine sulphate and different base compositions, that we receive different rheological adhesives of preparations. Acidity (pH) levels in developed substances were included in physiological tolerance limits of skin and mucosa. Addition oksyethylated lanolin to Ia and Ib ointment used as a transdermal transition promotor contributes to accelerate diffusion of morphine sulphate to the external compartment. The kinetic of releasing morphine sulphate in first 10 min. of exposition reached maximum for hydrogel preparation 0,2% H. We should expect that after using this hydrogel preparation analgesia appears fastest. Diffusion rate of morphine sulphate through semi-permeable membranes of Servapol and Visking type making a model stratum corneum were slower, that’s probably is connected with high moll mass of the hydrotropic morphine adduct

Charakter więzi rodzinnych oraz uwarunkowania ich kształtowania się w sytuacji okołoporodowej

Exploring bonds and its determinants within the family with newborn infants In the psychological literature there are theories of mother-infant bonding defined as a process that begins in prenatal life. The authors explored the perceived family cohesion amongst people who has just become parents from the perspective of bonding theories. The studies were conducted during 2-3 days after the childbirth. Mothers (the first and the second study) and fathers (the second study) described the current perceived structure of their family system (the position of a newborn child, parents, others in the family), Associations between the perceived family cohesion and personality traits of participants, as well as factors connected with childbirth were examined. The research project was comprised of two studies. Fifty two women took part in the first study, and a group of young parents participated in the second study (29 women and 25 men, including 24 pairs), All women were hospitalized at the Neonatal Clinic – Department of Gynecology and Obsterics at the Medical University of Gdansk, and were 2/3 days after giving birth to a child. Results of the research indicate that mother-infant bonding is a process associated with creating the stability of a family system. Factors that facilitate this process include orientation towards others among mothers, and differentation of self of fathers, as well as their participation in childbirth

Biohydrogen and Biomethane (Biogas) Production in the Consecutive Stages of Anaerobic Digestion of Molasses

Anaerobic digestion, whose final products are methane and carbon dioxide, has been used to produce biogas from waste biomass as an alternative energy source. For the purpose of innovative, modern technologies based on microbial processes, it is desirable to separate the hydrogen- (hydrolysis and acidogenesis) and methane-yielding (acetogenesis and methanogenesis) stages of anaerobic digestion to respectively favor the production of hydrogen and methane under controlled conditions. Previously, we developed a benchscale (3- and 3.5-litre bioreactors) two-stage anaerobic digestion system producing hydrogen (in stage 1)and methane (in stage 2) from sucrose-rich by-products of the sugar beet refining industry as the primary energy substrates under mesophilic conditions. Recently, the two-stage system for hydrogen and methane production has been successfully scaled up 10-fold (a pilot scale) and currently operates in one of the Polish sugar factories. The efficiency of hydrogen and methane production were directly proportional to the scale of installation. The obtained results led to the development objectives of further research that the end result will be an innovative solution for the sugar factory as a producer of gaseous biofuels

Assessment of dietary habits among Polish women with Hashimoto's disease

Introduction. Selected dietary components are crucial for a properly functioning thyroid gland. Therefore a healthy and balanced diet is  crucial for treating patients with Hashimoto's disease. Aim. This study aims to evaluate the dietary habits of women suffering from autoimmune thyroiditis. Material and methods. A questionnaire study was conducted in a group of 58 women with Hashimoto's disease and among 42 women without autoimmune thyroiditis using the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ-6). To assess compliance with the normal distribution, we used the Shapiro-Wilk test. The comparative assessment was made using the Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney test. The Chi-square test was used to assess the relationship between the response and the group. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results. The study showed no significant differences in dietary habits between the two groups. Only 29% (n=15) of women with HT declared daily consumption of fruits vs 31% (n=12) in the control group (p=0.3800), and only 2% (n=1) declared consuming berries daily vs. 5% (n=2), (p=0.5270). The consumption of the recommended several portions of vegetables per day was declared by only 22% (n=11) of women with HT vs 28% (n=11) in the control group (p=0.3983). 42% (n=24) of women with HT vs 38.5% (n=16) of controls reported eating cruciferous vegetables several times a week (p=0.8241). 14% (n=8) of women with HT vs 19% (n=8) of women in the control group declared daily consumption of green leafy vegetables (p=0.3653). Most people in the study group consume nuts and seeds several times a month, and those in the control group several times a week. Most HT respondents also declare not to consume the recommended amount of fish. Conclusions. The diet of patients with Hashimoto's disease does not differ significantly from that of non-Hashimoto's disease patients. Considering the study results and current scientific knowledge, it seems necessary to undertake educational activities for patients with Hashimoto's disease to increase patient awareness of the impact of diet on the course of the disease